On the symmetry-breaking instability of the flow past axisymmetric bluff bodies

The primary bifurcation of the flow past three-dimensional axisymmetric bodies is investigated. We show that the azimuthal vorticity generated at the body surface is at the root of the instability, and that the mechanism proposed by Magnaudet & Mougin (2007, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 572, 311-337) in the context of spheroidal bubbles extends to axisymmetric bodies with a no-slip surface. The instability arises in a thin region of the flow in the near wake, and is associated with the occurrence of strong vorticity gradients. We propose a simple yet effective scaling law for the prediction of the instability, based on a measure of the near-wake vorticity and of the radial extent of the separation bubble. At criticality, the resulting Reynolds number collapses approximately to a constant value for bodies with different geometries and aspect ratios, with a relative variation that is one order of magnitude smaller than that of the standard Reynolds number based on the free-stream velocity and body diameter. The new scaling can be useful to assess whether the steady flow past axisymmetric bodies is globally unstable, without the need for an additional stability analysis.