Publication

Investigating Lead Ion Beam Loss Mechanisms at the Super Proton Synchrotron Flat Bottom

2025

Abstract

The long injection segment (flat bottom, FB) of the cycle in the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) used for filling the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with Pb ion beams exhibits strong beam losses and transverse normalized emittance ϵx,yn growth. During the 2024 run, significant beam transmission improvements enabled record intensities delivered to the LHC, mainly leveraged by operational measures such as working point optimization and compensation scheme for the 50 Hz ripple from the main quadrupole power converters. This paper summarizes these improvements, and presents recent advancements in particle tracking simulations of the SPS flat bottom, including effects such as space charge in the presence of tune modulation induced by power converter noise. These simulations are compared with measured beam parameters in various scenarios, followed by a discussion on the relative importance of each effect and their estimated impact on the CERN ion programmes.

Official source

https://infoscience.epfl.ch/entities/publication/d8e7862b-0133-4c42-8c69-70595650b46a

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2025

Abstract

Official source

https://infoscience.epfl.ch/entities/publication/d8e7862b-0133-4c42-8c69-70595650b46a

About this result

Related concepts (32)

Large Hadron Collider

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and hundreds of universities and laboratories, as well as more than 100 countries. It lies in a tunnel in circumference and as deep as beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva. The first collisions were achieved in 2010 at an energy of 3.

Proton Synchrotron

The Proton Synchrotron (PS, sometimes also referred to as CPS) is a particle accelerator at CERN. It is CERN's first synchrotron, beginning its operation in 1959. For a brief period the PS was the world's highest energy particle accelerator. It has since served as a pre-accelerator for the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) and the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), and is currently part of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) accelerator complex. In addition to protons, PS has accelerated alpha particles, oxygen and sulfur nuclei, electrons, positrons, and antiprotons.

Large Electron–Positron Collider

The Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) was one of the largest particle accelerators ever constructed. It was built at CERN, a multi-national centre for research in nuclear and particle physics near Geneva, Switzerland. LEP collided electrons with positrons at energies that reached 209 GeV. It was a circular collider with a circumference of 27 kilometres built in a tunnel roughly 100 m (300 ft) underground and passing through Switzerland and France. LEP was used from 1989 until 2000.

Related publications (16)

Investigating Lead Ion Beam Loss Mechanisms at the Super Proton Synchrotron Flat Bottom

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