Bipolar Lightning Flashes Observed at the Säntis Tower: Do We Need to Modify the Traditional Classification?

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X-rays have been observed in natural downward cloud-to-ground lightning for over 20 years and in rocket-triggered lightning for slightly less. In both cases, this energetic radiation has been detected during the stepped and dart leader phases of downward n ...

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Lightning discharges, including cloud-to-ground (CG) and intracloud (IC) lightning, are known to emit electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) in a wide frequency band ranging from few Hz up to hundreds MHz [1]. During the breakdown and ionization processes (mostly f ...

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An exact analytical expression for the electric field of the return stroke as excited by a propagating step current source is derived in this paper. This expression could be advantageously used to evaluate the disturbances caused by lightning on overhead l ...

A current propagation type return stroke model which is consistent with the estimated distribution of the charge on the leader channel is described. The model takes into account the dispersion of the return stroke current along the return stroke channel. T ...

Visual estimates of stimulus features are systematically biased toward the features of previously encountered stimuli. Such serial dependencies have often been linked to how the brain maintains perceptual continuity. However, serial dependence has mostly b ...

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A current generation type return stroke model which can take into account the possible modifications of the return stroke properties by the soil conductivity at the strike point of the lightning flash is introduced. The model is also capable of incorporati ...

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The streamer bursts generated during the initiation and propagation of leaders play an important role in the creation and maintenance of hot discharge channels in air. The most important parameters related to streamer bursts in this respect are the length ...

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In this chapter, we discussed the TL theory and its application to the problem of lightning electromagnetic field coupling to transmission lines. After a short discussion on the underlying assumptions of the TL theory, we described seemingly different but ...

We define filter quotients of -categories and prove that filter quotients preserve the structure of an elementary -topos and in particular lift the filter quotient of the underlying elementary topos. We then specialize to the case of filter products of -ca ...

We report the observation of three negative upward flashes recorded by a high-speed camera at the Säntis Tower during the Summer of 2019. The camera was operating at 10,000 fps and an exposure time of 99 μs. Simultaneous measurements of the lightning curre ...

Upward lightning occurs generally from tall structures. The mechanism of the initiation of upward lightning is not yet fully understood. Upward lightning can be classified into two categories based on either the absence or the presence of other lightning a ...

Bipolar Lightning Flashes Observed at the Säntis Tower: Do We Need to Modify the Traditional Classification?

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