Composites in structural engineering and architecture

This chapter provides an overview of the historical development of fibre-polymer composites in structural engineering and architecture. The chapter starts by introducing the main reasons for using composites in this sector (lightness, high strength-to-weight ratio, durability, and design flexibility) and by describing the main composite products used (profiles, sandwich panels, strips, sheets, cables, and rebars). Next, the chapter reviews the history of the use of composites in three main types of applications: (i) new construction, (ii) structural strengthening, and (iii) concrete reinforcement. For new construction, a review of the main stages of development is presented, covering pedestrian and vehicular bridges and buildings. Then, the chapter focuses on the main developments in structural strengthening, describing the techniques, pointing out their efficiency on the flexural, punching/shear, and seismic retrofitting, and showcasing their use. Subsequently, the chapter describes the main developments of composite rebars in concrete structures, showcasing their use in marine and aggressive environments, where they offer a competitive advantage over conventional steel rebars. The final part of the chapter provides a brief summary of the main challenges associated with the use of composites in structural engineering and architecture and discusses the way forward for their widespread use.