Spatial Clustering and Multivariate Typologies during lifespan of Hospitalized Traumatic Brain Injury Cases: A Population-Based Study

Introduction This study examines the demographic, temporal, and spatial patterns of traumatic brain injury (TBI) hospitalizations in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland, between 2012 and 2024. Particular attention is given to differences between seniors (≥60 years) and the younger or working-age population (15–59 years). Methods Hospital discharge data were analyzed in combination with geographic information systems (GIS) to explore incidence, severity, and clinical outcomes. Temporal trends were assessed across seasons and days of the week. Spatial distribution was investigated using Join Count and SPARR methods to detect clustering. Multivariate clustering further integrated socio-clinical characteristics, including age, autonomy, residential setting, and hospital trajectory. Results Seniors accounted for more than half of all TBI hospitalizations. Advanced age and institutional residence were strongly associated with reduced likelihood of returning home post-discharge (statistical values). Temporal analyses showed a marked increase in TBI incidence among seniors during autumn and at the beginning of the week, patterns not observed in the working-age group. Spatial analyses revealed non-random clustering of cases, with high-risk zones concentrated in specific areas, particularly for older adults. Multivariate clustering identified distinct socio-clinical profiles in both age groups, shaped by residential environment, autonomy level, and care pathways. Conclusion The findings underscore the dual clinical and territorial dimensions of TBI, highlighting significant age-related and spatial disparities. Tailored prevention strategies, safer environmental design, and integrated care pathways are needed to reduce inequalities and improve outcomes. Addressing TBI through both a medical and public health lens is essential to support at-risk populations, particularly seniors.