Publication

Low-temperature indium hermetic sealing of alkali vapor-cells for chip-scale atomic clocks

Nico de Rooij
2012
Conference Papers

Abstract

We present a low-temperature indium hermetic bonding technique on wafer level without using flux, active atmosphere or other pretreatment of the indium. Its simplicity and low temperatures allow encapsulation of sensitive MEMS devices. Bonding stronger than 18 MPa was accomplished with temperatures never exceeding 140 degrees C. Leak rate measurements revealed leak rate below 2.5 x 10(-12) atm cc/s. This bonding technique is then applied to fabricate rubidium vapor-cells for chip-scale atomic clocks (CSAC). Saturated absorption spectroscopy performed two and five months after fabrication confirms less than 1 mbar of gas contamination, and the retrieved clock signal demonstrates the suitability of the cell for clock applications.

Official source

https://infoscience.epfl.ch/entities/publication/9177a198-016d-4cf3-be3b-f8f4a8fb342b

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Nico de Rooij
2012
Conference Papers

Abstract

Official source

https://infoscience.epfl.ch/entities/publication/9177a198-016d-4cf3-be3b-f8f4a8fb342b

About this result

Related concepts (32)

Chemical bond

A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms or ions that enables the formation of molecules, crystals, and other structures. The bond may result from the electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds, or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" or "primary bonds" such as covalent, ionic and metallic bonds, and "weak bonds" or "secondary bonds" such as dipole–dipole interactions, the London dispersion force, and hydrogen bonding.

Ionic bonding

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. It is one of the main types of bonding, along with covalent bonding and metallic bonding. Ions are atoms (or groups of atoms) with an electrostatic charge. Atoms that gain electrons make negatively charged ions (called anions). Atoms that lose electrons make positively charged ions (called cations).

Atomic clock

An atomic clock is a clock that measures time by monitoring the resonant frequency of atoms. It is based on atoms having different energy levels. Electron states in an atom are associated with different energy levels, and in transitions between such states they interact with a very specific frequency of electromagnetic radiation. This phenomenon serves as the basis for the International System of Units' (SI) definition of a second:The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time.

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Low-temperature indium hermetic sealing of alkali vapor-cells for chip-scale atomic clocks

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