Publication

Scaling Low-Temperature CO <sub>2</sub> -to-Syngas Electroreduction: Failure Modes, Engineering Bottlenecks, and Mitigation Strategies

Michael Graetzel
2026

Abstract

Low-temperature CO2 electroreduction (CO2eR) to syngas offers tunable H2:CO ratios and a renewable route to decarbonized syngas production, yet catalyst-level advances rarely translate to scalable, durable systems. This review addresses that disconnect with a systems-engineering perspective. We first establish the component foundations, electrolytes, membranes, and cell architectures of flow cells and zero-gap membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzers, together with integrated versus decoupled syngas production modes, then analyze the engineering failure modes that dominate at scale: non-uniform current distribution, localized hotspots, electrode flooding, salt precipitation, and thermal gradients. Single-pass CO2 conversion efficiency (SPCE) is introduced as a co-equal metric alongside Faradaic and energy efficiency (FE/EE). Original contributions include a standardized accelerated stress test (AST) protocol, a lifecycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) framework with quantitative carbon footprint benchmarking, a mitigation strategy compatibility matrix, and three-benchmark design pathways targeting high EE, high stability, and high SPCE, providing a

Official source

https://infoscience.epfl.ch/entities/publication/8f717a0c-7f54-4d52-b7a8-4ce18eac8d2c

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Michael Graetzel
2026

Abstract

Official source

https://infoscience.epfl.ch/entities/publication/8f717a0c-7f54-4d52-b7a8-4ce18eac8d2c

About this result

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