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The sections in this article are
Introduction and Scope
Heterogeneous Electron Transfer across ITIES
Thermodynamic Aspects in Connection to Heterogeneous ET
Electron-transfer Kinetics
The Phenomenological Butler–Volmer Expression
The Rate Constant of Electron Transfer
The Solvent Reorganization Energy
Potential Dependence of the Heterogeneous Electron-transfer Rate Constant
Selected Experimental Results
Ion-transfer Reactions
Kinetics of Ion-transfer Reactions Based on the Assumption of an Activated Ion-transfer Event
Interfacial Reaction Independent of the Local Electric Field
Interfacial Reaction Dependent on the Electric Field
Kinetics of Ion-transfer Reactions Based on a Transport Description
General Treatment of Ion-transfer Reactions at ITIES
The Marcus Model for Ion Transfer at Liquid|Liquid Interfaces
Other Models
Conclusion and Outlook