Publication

A Layer of Late Victorian London: The Building Footprints from the 1:1,056 Ordnance Survey Map (1891–1896)

2026

Abstract

We release the historical geographic layer of individual building footprints for late Victorian London. This dataset results from the high-quality automatic extraction of the Ordnance Survey's (OS) five-feet to the mile (1:1,056) map of London. The original map was surveyed between 1891 and 1895 and published between 1893 and 1896. The extracted vector layer comprises over 1.3 million building footprints, covering an area of ≈450 sq km (≈170 sq miles), detected with a precision of 97% and a recall of 95%.

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2026

Abstract

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Map

A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes. Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, while others are dynamic or interactive. Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or fictional, without regard to context or scale, such as in brain mapping, DNA mapping, or computer network topology mapping.

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A Zero-Energy Building (ZEB), also known as a Net Zero-Energy (NZE) building, is a building with net zero energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site or in other definitions by renewable energy sources offsite, using technology such as heat pumps, high efficiency windows and insulation, and solar panels. The goal is that these buildings contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere during operations than similar non-ZNE buildings.

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Map layout, also called map composition or (cartographic) page layout, is the part of cartographic design that involves assembling various map elements on a page. This may include the map image itself, along with titles, legends, scale indicators, inset maps, and other elements. It follows principles similar to page layout in graphic design, such as balance, gestalt, and visual hierarchy. The term map composition is also used for the assembling of features and symbols within the map image itself, which can cause some confusion; these two processes share a few common design principles but are distinct procedures in practice.

Related publications (15)

A Layer of Late Victorian London: The Building Footprints from the 1:1,056 Ordnance Survey Map (1891–1896)

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