Cryo-CMOS for quantum computing

Cryogenic CMOS, or cryo-CMOS circuits and systems, are emerging in VLSI design for many applications, in primis quantum computing. Fault-tolerant quantum bits (qubits) in surface code configurations, one of the most accepted implementations in quantum computing, operate in deep sub-Kelvin regime and require scalable classical control circuits. In this paper we advocate the need for a new generation of deep-submicron CMOS circuits operating at deep-cryogenic temperatures to achieve the performance required in a fault-tolerant qubit system. We outline the challenges and limitations of operating CMOS in near-zero Kelvin regimes and we propose solutions. The paper concludes with several examples showing the suitability of integrating fault-tolerant.qubits with CMOS.