OPF-based optimal power system network restoration considering frequency dynamics

Due to recent blackout and system split incidents in power grids worldwide, as well as increased system complexity in view of the energy transition, there has been increasing interest in re-evaluating existing Power System Restoration (PSR) plans. In restoration scenarios, due to low island inertia, it is necessary to ensure not only the static, but also the dynamic stability of the system. In this paper, we pose and solve a formulation of the optimal PSR problem including frequency dynamics. We validate the switching constraints for global optimality within a static version of the formulation using a brute-force tree search method. We apply the dynamic problem formulation to the IEEE 9-Bus model, and show that the optimal switching sequence using the static formulation would violate dynamic constraints, illustrating the importance of dynamic considerations in PSR planning.