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In a battery system, an electrochemical cell has a first compartment containing a positive electrolyte with an electrode 2 at least partially immersed in the positive electrolyte containing the first redox active material, forming a positive half cell. A second compartment contains a negative electrolyte with an electrode 1 at least partially immersed in the negative electrolyte containing the second redox active material, forming a negative half -cell. A third electrolyte is substantially immiscible and in contact with the positive and the negative electrolyte. The third electrolyte contains a common ion with the positive electrolyte and another common ion with the negative electrolyte, establishing a polarisation between the positive and negative electrolytes and enhancing the potential difference between the positive and negative electrode.
Michael Graetzel, Ladislav Kavan, Felix Thomas Eickemeyer, Jiaqi Xu, Wenzhe Niu, Nikolaos Kakavas