Infrared-reflective ultrathin-metal-film-based transparent electrode with ultralow optical loss for high efficiency in solar cells

In this work we study in-depth the antireflection and filtering properties of ultrathin-metal-film-based transparent electrodes (MTEs) integrated in thin-film solar cells. Based on numerical optimization of the MTE design and the experimental characterization of thin-film perovskite solar cell (PSC) samples, we show that reflection in the visible spectrum can be strongly suppressed, in contrast to common belief (due to the compact metal layer). The optical loss of the optimized electrode (similar to 2.9%), composed of a low-resistivity metal and an insulator, is significantly lower than that of a conventional transparent conductive oxide (TCO similar to 6.3%), thanks to the very high transmission of visible light within the cell (> 91%) and low thickness (< 70 nm), whereas the reflection of infrared light (similar to 70%) improves by > 370%. To assess the application potentials, integrated current density > 25 mA/cm(2), power conversion efficiency > 20%, combined with vastly reduced device heat load by 177.1 W/m(2) was achieved in state-of-the-art PSCs. Our study aims to set the basis for a novel interpretation of composite electrodes/structures, such as TCO-metal-TCO, dielectric-metal-dielectric or insulator-metal-insulator, and hyperbolic metamaterials, in high-efficiency optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells, semi-transparent, and concentrated systems, and other electro-optical components including smart windows, light-emitting diodes, and displays.