Scott Anthony Lindner

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Oxygenation is an important marker in many clinical settings, e.g. diagnosing ischaemic brain injuries in preterm infants or determining treatment effectiveness in cancer patients. Despite significant efforts to determine the oxygenation state of the human ...

Per-pixel time-to-digital converter (TDC) architectures have been exploited by single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensors to achieve high photon throughput, but at the expense of fill factor, pixel pitch and readout efficiency. In contrast, TDC sharing a ...

We present a complete pixel based on a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) fabricated in a backside-illuminated (BSI) 3D IC technology. The chip stack comprises an image sensing tier produced in a 65-nm image sensor technology and a data processing tier i ...

The Piccolo gated sensor features a 32x32 SPAD array of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) operating in time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC). The chip enables event-driven readout and a maximum count rate of 220 Mcps. The sensor is based on t ...

A 252 x 144 single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) pixel sensor, called Ocelot, is reported for light detection and ranging (LiDAR). The sensor, fabricated in the 180-nm CMOS technology, features 1728 12-bit time-to-digital converters (TDCs) with 48.8-ps res ...

The overall sensitivity of frontside-illuminated, silicon single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays has often suffered from fill factor limitations. The fill factor loss can however be recovered by employing microlenses, whereby the challenges specific t ...

In preterm infants, there is a risk of life-lasting impairments due to hemorrhagic/ischemic lesions. Our time-domain (TD) near-infrared optical tomography (NIROT) system "Pioneer" aims at detecting both disorders with high spatial resolution. Successfully ...

Tim-domain near-infrared optical tomography (TD NIROT) techniques based on diffuse light were gaining performance over the last years. They are capable of imaging tissue at several centimeters depth and reveal clinically relevant information, such as tissu ...

Near infrared optical tomography (NIROT) is an emerging modality that enables imaging the oxygenation of tissue, which is a biomarker of tremendous clinical relevance. Measuring in reflectance is usually required when NIROT is applied in clinical scenarios ...

Oxygenation of a tumor is one of the most important predictive factors: hypoxia is associated with aggressive tumors and substantially lower survival rate. Despite this high relevance of tumor oxygenation, there is currently no bedside technique available ...

A 1 x 400 array of backside-illuminated SPADs fabricated in 130 nm 3D IC CMOS technology is presented. Sensing is performed in the top tier substrate and time-to-digital conversion in the bottom tier. Clusters of eight pixels are connected to a winner-take ...

Silicon-based single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) implemented in front-side illuminated arrays and imagers have often suffered from fill factor limitations. The corresponding reduced sensitivity can be sometimes traded off with longer acquisition times ...

The neonatal brain is a vulnerable organ, and lesions due to hemorrhage and/or ischemia occur frequently in preterm neonates. Even though neuroprotective therapies exist, there is no tool available to detect the ischemic lesions. To address this problem, w ...

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are direct photon-to-digital detectors that enable scalable arrays with Poisson-limited signal-to-noise ratio and picosecond timing resolution. However, SPAD detectors require a guard-ring structure to prevent lateral ...

In many clinical applications it is relevant to observe dynamic changes in oxygenation. Therefore the ability of dynamic imaging with time domain (TD) near-infrared optical tomography (NIROT) will be important. But fast imaging is a challenge. The data acq ...

Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) emerges as a powerful non-invasive imaging tool with the ability to resolve fluorescence signals from sources located deep in living tissues. Yet, the accuracy of FMT reconstruction depends on the deviation of the as ...

To increase the spatial resolution of near-infrared optical tomography, we successfully designed and tested a 32×32 time-resolved SPAD image sensor with unprecedented sensitivity in the near-infrared and fast image acquisition speed. ...

SPAD (single-photon avalanche diode) arrays are single-photon sensors, which enable photon counting and unparalleled time-resolved imaging. In this paper, we will detail the architecture and characteristics of three representative SPAD arrays, implemented ...

Scott Anthony Lindner

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Time-resolved Single-photon Detector Arrays for High Resolution Near-infrared Optical Tomography

A CMOS SPAD Imager with Collision Detection and 128 Dynamically Reallocating TDCs for Single-Photon Counting and 3D Time-of-Flight Imaging

A High-PDE, Backside-Illuminated SPAD in 65/40-nm 3D IC CMOS Pixel With Cascoded Passive Quenching and Active Recharge

Piccolo gated: a CMOS 32×32 SPAD camera with all-solid-state nanosecond time gating and PCIe readout for single-photon time-domain DCS and near-infrared optical tomography

A 30-frames/s, 252 x 144 SPAD Flash LiDAR With 1728 Dual-Clock 48.8-ps TDCs, and Pixel-Wise Integrated Histogramming

Challenges and prospects for multi-chip microlens imprints on front-side illuminated SPAD imagers

Probe Design Optimization for Time-Domain NIROT "Pioneer" System for Imaging the Oxygenation of the Preterm Brain

2.5 Hz sample rate time-domain near-infrared optical tomography based on SPAD-camera image tissue hemodynamics

Image reconstruction for novel time domain near infrared optical tomography: towards clinical applications

Multispectral Near-Infrared Optical Tomography for Cancer Hypoxia Study in Mice

A 1 x 400 Backside-Illuminated SPAD Sensor With 49.7 ps Resolution, 30 pJ/Sample TDCs Fabricated in 3D CMOS Technology for Near-Infrared Optical Tomography

High-efficiency fill factor recovery using refractive microlens arrays imprinted on 0.5–256 kpixel front-side illuminated SPAD imagers

In Phantom Validation of Time-Domain Near-Infrared Optical Tomography Pioneer for Imaging Brain Hypoxia and Hemorrhage

Optical-stack optimization for improved SPAD photon detection efficiency

Dynamic time domain near-infrared optical tomography based on a SPAD camera

Multimodal imaging combining time-domain near-infrared optical tomography and continuous-wave fluorescence molecular tomography

A Novel 32 x 32, 224 Mevents/s Time Resolved SPAD Image Sensor for Near-Infrared Optical Tomography

Monolithic SPAD Arrays for High-Performance, Time-Resolved Single-Photon Imaging

Architecture and Characterization of a CMOS 3D-Stacked FSI Multi-Channel Digital SiPM for Time-of-Flight PET Applications

CMOS 3D-Stacked FSI Multi-Channel Digital SiPM for Time-of-Flight PET Applications