Publications by Ramachandra Rao

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We designed a fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) system for measurements on surfaces. The system consists of an objective-type total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy setup, adapted to measure FCS. Here, the fluorescence exciting ...

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) has become an important tool for measuring diffusion, concentration and molecular interactions in biomolecular systems. Two major requirements for FCS are good collection efficiency and a small and well defined e ...

We present a fast calculation of the electromagnetic field near the focus of an objective with a high numerical aperture (NA). Instead of direct integration, the vectorial Debye diffraction integral is evaluated with the fast Fourier transform for calculat ...

The invention relates to a solid immersion lens (SIL) for a microscope, comprising a lens system with a predetermined numerical aperture. The refractive index of the material of the solid immersion lens is selected in such a way that the numerical aperture ...

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has emerged as a powerful technique for measuring low concentrations of fluorescent molecules and their diffusion constants. In FCS, the experimental data is conventionally fit using standard local search techniq ...

The solid immersion lens (SIL) as a tool for increasing the field confinement as well as providing optimal performance by aberration compensation in a confocal fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) system is illustrated here. Using Zernike polynomial ...

Ramachandra Rao

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Total internal reflection fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (TIR-FCS) with low background and high count-rate per molecule

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy : simulations and bio-chemical applications based on solid immersion lens concept

Fast focus field calculations

Solid immersion lens used in a microscope with a lens system is made of a material having a refractive index that is selected so that the numerical aperture of the lens system

Stochastic Approach to Data Analysis in Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Field confinement with aberration correction for solid immersion lens based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy