Operational Amplifiers: Imperfections and Limitations

This lecture covers the imperfections and limitations of operational amplifiers (AO). It starts by discussing the offset voltage, a common imperfection in real AOs that generates unwanted DC voltage at the output. The lecture then explores the impact of offset in an amplification chain and how to minimize it using polarization currents. It also delves into the finite gain of AOs, the bandwidth limitations, and the concept of closed-loop gain with AC signals. Additionally, the lecture explains the trade-off between gain and passband using feedback and introduces the concept of slew rate as a limitation for large signals in AOs.