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Lecture

Snow Water Transport

In course

ENV-525: Physics and hydrology of snow

This course covers principles of snow physics, snow hydrology, snow-atmosphere interaction, and snow modeling. It transmits detailed understanding of physical processes within the snow and at its interfaces with the atmosphere and the ground, and presents ...

Description

This lecture covers the modeling of snow deposition, including input, calculation modules, and output. It discusses the new paradigm of snow accumulation, calculated topographical flow features, and simulation and measurements at specific locations. The lecture also explores sublimation models, the effect of sublimation, and the comparison to surface sublimation. It delves into the snow water equivalent curve, intermittent snow cover, and modeling melt using degree day models. Additionally, it examines snowmelt phases, snowpack storage, liquid water regimes, dominant forces in snow, and the bucket scheme model. The lecture concludes with discussions on Darcy's equation, liquid water movement in snow, and the complexities of meltwater flow in snow.

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Instructors (3)

Johan Alexandre Philippe Gaume

I started my scientific career in 2008 at the Grenoble University in the IRSTEA laboratory where I did my master's thesis on the rheology of dense granular materials using the discrete element method. In the same lab, I followed with a PhD on the numerical modeling of the release depth of extreme avalanches using a combined mechanical-statistical approach and spatial extreme statistics. In 2013 I obtained a postdoc position at the WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF in Davos where I was in charge of developing and applying numerical models to improve the evaluation of avalanche release conditions and thus avalanche forecasting. While my PhD was mostly theoretical and numerical, my postdoc in Davos allowed me to gain a practical expertise by participating in laboratory and field experiments which helped to validate the models I develop. In 2016, I was awarded a SNF grant to work as a research and teaching associate in CRYOS at EPFL on the multiscale modeling of snow and avalanche processes. I developed discrete approaches to model snow micro-structure deformation and failure in order to evaluate constitutive snow models to be used at a larger scale in continuum models. I also developed numerical models for wind-driven snow transport. In 2017, I was a Visiting Scholar at UCLA to work on a Material Point Method (MPM) to simulate both the initiation and propagation of snow avalanches in a unified manner. The UCLA MPM model was initially developed for the Disney movie "Frozen" and has been modified and enriched based on Critical State Soil Mechanics to model the release and flow of slab avalanches. The results of this collaboration have been published in Nature Communications. In 2018, I was awarded the SNF Eccellenza Professorial Fellowship and became professor at EPFL and head of SLAB, the Snow and Avalanche Simulation Laboratory. At SLAB, we study micro-mechanical failure and fracture propagation of porous brittle solids, with applications in snow slab avalanche release. We also simulate avalanche dynamics and flow regime transitions over complex 3D terrain through the development of new models (depth-resolved and depth-averaged) based on MPM.In 2020, I obtained a SPARK grant to develop a new approach to simulate and better understand complex process chains in gravitational mass movements, including permafrost instabilities, rock, snow and ice avalanches and transitions to debris flows.

Michael Lehning

Wolf Hendrik Huwald

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Related concepts (8)

Snow

Snow comprises individual ice crystals that grow while suspended in the atmosphere—usually within clouds—and then fall, accumulating on the ground where they undergo further changes. It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away.

Ice

Ice is water frozen into a solid state, typically forming at or below temperatures of 32 °F, 0 °C, or 273.15 K. Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of air, it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish-white color. In the Solar System, ice is abundant and occurs naturally from as close to the Sun as Mercury to as far away as the Oort cloud objects. Beyond the Solar System, it occurs as interstellar ice.

Water cycle

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle, is a biogeochemical cycle that describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water (salt water) and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables.

Liquid

A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a nearly constant volume independent of pressure. It is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape. The density of a liquid is usually close to that of a solid, and much higher than that of a gas. Therefore, liquid and solid are both termed condensed matter.

Liquid crystal

Liquid crystal (LC) is a state of matter whose properties are between those of conventional liquids and those of solid crystals. For example, a liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a crystal-like way. There are many types of LC phases, which can be distinguished by their optical properties (such as textures). The contrasting textures arise due to molecules within one area of material ("domain") being oriented in the same direction but different areas having different orientations.

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Snow Melt Dynamics: Phases, Energy Balance, and Water Movement Log in to Mediaspace to watch this video

Explores snowmelt phases, energy balance, water dynamics, and transport complexities in snow.

Ice Crystal Formation: Processes and Shapes Log in to Mediaspace to watch this video

Covers ice crystal formation, processes, shapes, and snow metamorphism, explaining the significance of snow metamorphism and the growth of ice crystals.

Snow Properties: Volume, Depth, and Porosity Log in to Mediaspace to watch this video

Explores the physical properties of snow, focusing on volume, depth, and porosity, and their significance in understanding snow behavior.

Snow Properties: Distribution, Variability, and Dynamics Log in to Mediaspace to watch this video

Explores the distribution, variability, and dynamics of snow properties, emphasizing the importance of snow water equivalent in hydrology.

Snow Metamorphism: Equilibrium vs Kinetic Log in to Mediaspace to watch this video

Explores the processes of snow metamorphism, from equilibrium to kinetic, affecting snowpack layering and structural strength.

Related concepts (8)