Hawthorne effectThe Hawthorne effect is a type of human behavior reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. The effect was discovered in the context of research conducted at the Hawthorne Western Electric plant; however, some scholars feel the descriptions are fictitious. The original research involved workers who made electrical relays at the Hawthorne Works, a Western Electric plant in Cicero, Illinois. Between 1924 and 1927, the lighting study was conducted.
Zeno's paradoxesZeno's paradoxes are a set of philosophical problems devised by the Eleatic Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea (c. 490–430 BC). The origins of the paradoxes are somewhat unclear, but they are generally thought to have been developed to support Parmenides' doctrine of monism, that all of reality is one, and that all change is impossible. Diogenes Laërtius, citing Favorinus, says that Zeno's teacher Parmenides was the first to introduce the paradox of Achilles and the tortoise.
Observer effect (physics)In physics, the observer effect is the disturbance of an observed system by the act of observation. This is often the result of utilizing instruments that, by necessity, alter the state of what they measure in some manner. A common example is checking the pressure in an automobile tire, which causes some of the air to escape, thereby changing the pressure to observe it. Similarly, seeing non-luminous objects requires light hitting the object to cause it to reflect that light.
Infinite divisibilityInfinite divisibility arises in different ways in philosophy, physics, economics, order theory (a branch of mathematics), and probability theory (also a branch of mathematics). One may speak of infinite divisibility, or the lack thereof, of matter, space, time, money, or abstract mathematical objects such as the continuum. The origin of the idea in the Western tradition can be traced to the 5th century BCE starting with the Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher Democritus and his teacher Leucippus, who theorized matter's divisibility beyond what can be perceived by the senses until ultimately ending at an indivisible atom.
Pierre AndreMohd Pierre Andre Nazarul Andre (born 17 March 1985) is a Malaysian actor, director and writer. His role as Reza in the 2005 film Gol & Gincu was his first major role. Since then, he has since appeared in other films and TV series, as well written a screenplay, and directed his first movie. After his last directed movie, Kecoh Primadona Kena Hantu was released in 2016, Andre went on indefinite hiatus from showbiz. He is the eldest child of the Malaysian actress Khatijah Tan and her husband, Nazarul Andre (born Philip Harry-Andre), who is of French descent.
Pierre André LatreillePierre André Latreille (pjɛʁ ɑ̃dʁe latʁɛj; 29 November 1762 – 6 February 1833) was a French zoologist, specialising in arthropods. Having trained as a Roman Catholic priest before the French Revolution, Latreille was imprisoned, and only regained his freedom after recognising a rare beetle species he found in the prison, Necrobia ruficollis. He published his first important work in 1796 (Précis des caractères génériques des insectes), and was eventually employed by the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.
Pierre-André TaguieffPierre-André Taguieff (born 4 August 1946) is a French philosopher who has specialised in the study of racism and antisemitism. He is the director of research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research in an Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris laboratory, the Centre for Political Research (fr). He is also a member of the Cercle de l'Oratoire think tank. Taguieff is the author of a number of books and papers on racism and antisemitism, including The Force of Prejudice: On Racism and Its Doubles (2001) and Rising from the Muck: The New Antisemitism in Europe (2004).
Pierre-André ChiapporiPierre-André Chiappori is a French-Monégasque economist currently E. Rowan and Barbara Steinschneider Professor of Economics at Columbia University. His research focuses on household behavior, general equilibrium and mathematical economics. Chiappori studied at École normale supérieure (Paris) between 1974 and 1979. During that period, he also studied at various Parisian universities, receiving degrees in mathematics, statistics, and economics. He graduated with a Ph.D. in economics from the University Paris I in 1981.
André-Pierre NouvionAndré-Pierre Nouvion (born 1939) is a French lawyer and historian of French law. He specializes in consular law and has published reference books on law and history of the consular institutions (Chamber of Commerce and Industry in France and Commercial Court). Former Director of Chamber of Commerce and Industry, he defended the French model of Chambers of Commerce including during missions under the aegis of the United Nations (UN) with the Cambodian (1995) and Mexican (1998) authorities.
André TardieuAndré Pierre Gabriel Amédée Tardieu (ɑ̃dʁe taʁdjø; 22 September 1876 – 15 September 1945) was three times Prime Minister of France (3 November 1929 – 17 February 1930; 2 March – 4 December 1930; 20 February – 10 May 1932) and a dominant figure of French political life in 1929–1932. He was a moderate conservative with a strong intellectual reputation, but became a weak prime minister at the start of the worldwide Great Depression. Tardieu's paternal grandmother was the composer and pianist Charlotte Tardieu.
