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Lecture

Protein Synthesis: Translation Process

In course

BIO-105: Cellular biology and biochemistry for engineers

Basic course in biochemistry as well as cellular and molecular biology for non-life science students enrolling at the Master or PhD thesis level from various engineering disciplines. It reviews essential notions necessary for a training in biology-related ...

Description

This lecture covers the process of protein synthesis through translation, starting with the structure of the nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, the role of nuclear lamina, and the export of mRNA from the nucleus. It then delves into the structure and function of ribosomes, tRNA, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, detailing the steps of translation initiation, elongation, and termination. The accuracy of translation, proofreading mechanisms, and the energy requirements for peptide bond formation are also discussed, along with the translocation process. The lecture concludes with insights into the termination of translation and the monocistronic nature of eukaryotic messengers.

Instructor

Romain Zufferey

Official source

Related concepts (32)

Nuclear envelope

The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the nucleus, which encloses the genetic material. The nuclear envelope consists of two lipid bilayer membranes: an inner nuclear membrane and an outer nuclear membrane. The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space. It is usually about 10–50 nm wide. The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Messenger RNA

In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein. mRNA is created during the process of transcription, where an enzyme (RNA polymerase) converts the gene into primary transcript mRNA (also known as pre-mRNA). This pre-mRNA usually still contains introns, regions that will not go on to code for the final amino acid sequence.

Translation

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or signed communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.

Nuclear pore

A nuclear pore is a channel as part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a large protein complex found in the nuclear envelope in eukaryotic cells, enveloping the cell nucleus containing DNA, which facilitates the selective membrane transport of various molecules across the membrane. The nuclear pore complex predominantly consists of proteins known as nucleoporins, with each NPC comprising at least 456 individual protein molecules, and 34 distinct nucleoporin proteins.

Translation studies

Translation studies is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of translation, interpreting, and localization. As an interdiscipline, translation studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation. These include comparative literature, computer science, history, linguistics, philology, philosophy, semiotics, and terminology. The term "translation studies" was coined by the Amsterdam-based American scholar James S.

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Provides an overview of translation and protein synthesis, covering the genetic code, tRNA, and the steps involved in protein formation.

Tools for Translatome Analysis

Explores tools for studying the translatome, including mRNA translation and genetic code expansion.

Regulation of Translation: Ribosomal Control and Global Regulation

Explores ribosomal control mechanisms and global regulation in translation of proteins from mRNA sequences.

Translation: Amino Acids and Peptide Bonds