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Lecture

Genetic Distance Calculation

In course

BIO-109: Introduction to life sciences (for IC)

Ce cours présente les principes fondamentaux à l'œuvre dans les organismes vivants. Autant que possible, l'accent est mis sur les contributions de l'Informatique aux progrès des Sciences de la Vie. ...

Description

This lecture covers the calculation of genetic distance through sequence alignment, focusing on comparing different amino acids and chromosomes, particularly chromosome X. The instructor explains the concept of unequal crossing-over due to incorrect alignment during meiosis I, highlighting the consequences of correct and incorrect alignments. The lecture also delves into the impact of friction in counteracting genetic applications.

Instructor

Romain Zufferey

Official source

Ontological neighbourhood

Biology

Molecular biology: Chromosomes

Related concepts (32)

Y chromosome

The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms. The other sex chromosome is the X chromosome. Y is normally the sex-determining chromosome in many species, since it is the presence or absence of Y that determines the male or female sex of offspring produced in sexual reproduction. In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the gene SRY, which triggers male development. The DNA in the human Y chromosome is composed of about 62 million base pairs, making it similar in size to chromosome 19.

Chromosome

A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are the histones. These proteins, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to maintain its integrity. These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation.

X chromosome

The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in many organisms, including mammals, and is found in both males and females. It is a part of the XY sex-determination system and XO sex-determination system. The X chromosome was named for its unique properties by early researchers, which resulted in the naming of its counterpart Y chromosome, for the next letter in the alphabet, following its subsequent discovery. It was first noted that the X chromosome was special in 1890 by Hermann Henking in Leipzig.

Chromosome 2

Chromosome 2 is one of the twenty-three pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 2 is the second-largest human chromosome, spanning more than 242 million base pairs and representing almost eight percent of the total DNA in human cells. Chromosome 2 contains the HOXD homeobox gene cluster. Humans have only twenty-three pairs of chromosomes, while all other extant members of Hominidae have twenty-four pairs. It is believed that Neanderthals and Denisovans had twenty-three pairs.

Chromosome 21

Chromosome 21 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Chromosome 21 is both the smallest human autosome and chromosome, with 45 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) representing about 1.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. Most people have two copies of chromosome 21, while those with three copies of chromosome 21 have Down syndrome, also called "trisomy 21". Researchers working on the Human Genome Project announced in May 2000 that they had determined the sequence of base pairs that make up this chromosome.

Related lectures (32)

Genetic Distance Calculation

Explores DNA sequence alignment, genetic distance calculation, and the impact of incorrect alignments during meiosis.

Genetic Distance Calculation

Explores DNA sequence alignment, genetic distance calculation, and the consequences of incorrect alignment during meiosis I.

Cellular Biology: Mitosis and Meiosis Overview

Covers cellular biology, focusing on mitosis, meiosis, and the cell cycle processes.

Genetic Expression and Chromosome Dosage

Explores genetic expression, chromosome characteristics, X chromosome inactivation, and DNA methylation impact.

Genetic Inheritance: Chromosomes and Probabilities

Explores Mendelian genetics, covering chromosomal theory, genetic ratios, Chi-square analysis, and human trait pedigrees.

Related concepts (32)