Lecture

Magnetism: Basics and Phenomena

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In course

MSE-101(b): Materials:from chemistry to properties

Ce cours permet l'acquisition des notions essentielles relatives à la structure de la matière, aux équilibres et à la réactivité chimique en liaison avec les propriétés mécaniques, thermiques, électriques, magnétiques et optiques des matériaux. ...

Description

This lecture covers the basics of magnetism, starting with the discovery of magnetic effects attributed to Thalès de Milet. It explores the observation of magnetic phenomena, the interaction of magnetic fields with moving charges, and the concept of inductance. The instructor delves into the Maxwell-Ampere equation, magnetic permeability, and magnetic induction fields. The lecture also discusses the creation of magnetic fields by electric currents, the concept of magnetic dipoles, and the origin of magnetic properties in materials.

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Instructors (4)

Roland Logé

Roland Logé is an associate professor at EPFL, with a primary affiliation to the Materials Institute, and a secondary affiliation to the Microengineering Institute. After graduating in 1994 at UCL (Belgium) in Materials Engineering, he earned a Master of Science in Mechanics in 1995, at UCSB Santa Barbara (USA). He received his PhD at Mines Paristech-CEMEF (France) in 1999, where he specialized in metal forming and associated microstructure evolutions. After a postdoc at Cornell University (USA) between 1999 and 2001, he entered CNRS in France. In 2008, he was awarded the ALCAN prize from the French Academy of Sciences, together with Yvan Chastel. In 2009 he became head of the Metallurgy-Structure-Rheology research group at CEMEF. In 2011, he launched a “Groupement de Recherche” (GDR), funded by CNRS, networking most of the researchers in France involved in recrystallization and grain growth. In 2013, he became Research Director at CNRS. In March 2014 he joined EPFL as the head of the Laboratory of Thermomechanical Metallurgy.

Michel Rappaz

After a PhD in solid state physics (1978) at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and a post-doc at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Michel Rappaz joined the Institute of Materials of EPFL in 1981. After two years in an engineering company, he came back to EPFL in 1984 where he was nominated Adjunct Professor in 1990 and Full Professor in 2003. He retired from EPFL in 2015 and is now Emeritus Professor and independent consultant for several industries and research centres. His main interests are in phase transformations and solidification, in particular the coupling of macroscopic aspects of heat and mass transfer with microscopic aspects of microstructure and defect formation. Among his diverse achievements, one can mention in particular the development of cellular automata for grain structure predictions and of granular models for hot tearing formation in castings, the coupling of Finite Element method with microscopic models of nucleation and growth, the application of the phase field method to the understanding of various microstructures, the discovery of quasicrystal mediated-nucleation in alloys, and many other studies both fundamental at the microstructure-defect level and more applied at the level of processes. Some of the software developments have been commercialized by a spin-off company founded by his group in 1991 (Calcom SA), now part of the French company ESI. Michel Rappaz initiated in 1992 an annual postgraduate course on solidification which has been attended by more than 900 participants from all over the world. He is presently collaborating closely with another spin-off company started from his group, Novamet SàrL. Michel Rappaz has received several awards, in particular the Mathewson co-author award (1994) and author award (1997) of the American Mineral, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), the Koerber foundation award jointly with Profs Y. Bréchet and M. Asbby (1996), the Sainte-Claire Deville Medal (1996) and the Grand Medal (2011) from the French Materials Society, the Bruce Chalmers Award of TMS (2002), the Mc Donald Memorial Lecture award of Canada (2005), the FEMS European Materials Gold Medal (2013) and the Brimacombe Prize of TMS (2015). He is a highly-cited author of ISI, a fellow of ASM, IOP and TMS, and has co-authored more than 200 publications and two books.

Official source

Ontological neighbourhood

Physics

Electromagnetism: Electrodynamics, Electrical networks

Condensed matter physics: Phase transitions

Related concepts (32)

Magnetism

Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that occur through a magnetic field, which allows objects to attract or repel each other. Because both electric currents and magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, magnetism is one of two aspects of electromagnetism. The most familiar effects occur in ferromagnetic materials, which are strongly attracted by magnetic fields and can be magnetized to become permanent magnets, producing magnetic fields themselves.

Electric charge

Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Electric charge can be positive or negative (commonly carried by protons and electrons respectively, by convention). Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. An object with no net charge is referred to as electrically neutral. Early knowledge of how charged substances interact is now called classical electrodynamics, and is still accurate for problems that do not require consideration of quantum effects.

Maxwell's equations

Maxwell's equations, or Maxwell–Heaviside equations, are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits. The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and radio technologies, such as power generation, electric motors, wireless communication, lenses, radar, etc. They describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated by charges, currents, and changes of the fields.

Electromagnetic field

An electromagnetic field (also EM field or EMF) is a classical (i.e. non-quantum) field produced by moving electric charges. It is the field described by classical electrodynamics (a classical field theory) and is the classical counterpart to the quantized electromagnetic field tensor in quantum electrodynamics (a quantum field theory). The electromagnetic field propagates at the speed of light (in fact, this field can be identified as light) and interacts with charges and currents.

Magnet

A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, etc. and attracts or repels other magnets. A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door.

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Fabien Sorin

Sep 2002-Oct 2007 Ph.D., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, USA. Supervisor: Prof. Yoel Fink; Thesis: Multi-material, Multifunctional Fiber Devices. After graduating with an engineering degree and a Master of Science in Physics from the Ecole Polytechnique in Palaiseau, France, Prof. Sorin joined the department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, USA for his graduate studies. He worked as a research assistant in the Photonic Bandgap Fibers and Devices Group of Professor Yoel Fink and graduated with a PhD in 2008. His PhD thesis led to the development of a new class of fiber material and devices and he was a pioneer of the field of multi-material fibers. Mar 2008-Oct 2010 Postdoctoral Associate and Research Scientist, Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT. He then joined the Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT as a Postdoctoral Associate, and continued as a Research Scientist associate, where he conducted independent research in the emerging field of multi-material fibers and was involved and led a variety of projects in fundamental research as well as in collaborations with local start-ups. Apr 2011 Feb 2013 Research Engineer, Saint-Gobain Recherche, Aubervilliers, France. Surface du Verre et interface Group In 2011, prof. Sorin returned to Europe and joined the company Saint-Gobain in the Saint-Gobain Recherche center, its biggest research center located near Paris in France. As a research engineer, he developed a new research thrust investigating new photonic materials and nanostructures for the energy and building industries. In particular, he and colleagues developed innovative processing approaches to deploy photonic nanostructures for light management over large area substrates, for applications in energy harvesting and saving, and for building materials and windows. Mar 2013 Present Assistant Professor tenure-track, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. Head of the Photonic materials and fibre devices laboratory (FIMAP) Since March 2013, he is in the department of Materials Science (IMX) at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) as an assistant professor tenure-track. He is starting a research group on photonic materials and fiber devices (FIMAP), continuing on developing innovative materials processing approaches and photonic device architectures to develop new solutions in energy harvesting, saving and storage, in sensing and monitoring, health care and smart fabrics.

Related concepts (32)

Magnetism

Electric charge

Maxwell's equations

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Magnet