Lecture

Ideal Gas Law: Experiments and Avogadro's Hypothesis

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In course

PHYS-106(h): General physics : thermodynamics

Le but du cours de Physique générale est de donner à l'étudiant les notions de base nécessaires à la compréhension des phénomènes physiques. L'objectif est atteint lorsque l'étudiant est capable de prévoir quantitativement les conséquences de ces phénomène ...

Description

This lecture covers the experiments of Boyle-Mariotte, Charles, and Gay-Lussac, the concept of absolute temperature, and Avogadro's hypothesis. It explains the relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles in ideal gases, as well as the significance of Avogadro's number in quantifying the amount of gas. The lecture also delves into the laws governing ideal gases and the constant properties of gases. Furthermore, it explores the concept of a perfect gas and its behavior under different conditions, providing examples and calculations to illustrate these principles.

Instructor

Ivo Furno

Teaching & PhD PhD Students Jules Amédée Aristobule Schadt, Renat Karimov, Amélie Renggli, Yuri Asnis, Michael Goddijn, Vanni Jonas Meier, Cyrille Sepulchre, Francesco D'Angelo Past EPFL PhD Students Federico Nespoli, Oulfa Chellai, Thibaut François Hugo Richard, Fabian Manke, Riccardo Agnello, Alexandra Waskow, Lorenzo Ibba, Agus Rita, Kadi Lyes Roland Past EPFL PhD Students as codirector Davoud Iraji, Christian Gabriel Theiler, Alexandre Dominique Bovet, Fabio Avino Courses General physics : thermodyn

Official source

Ontological neighbourhood

Physics

Thermodynamics: Statistical mechanics

Related concepts (26)

Ideal gas

An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles that are not subject to interparticle interactions. The ideal gas concept is useful because it obeys the ideal gas law, a simplified equation of state, and is amenable to analysis under statistical mechanics. The requirement of zero interaction can often be relaxed if, for example, the interaction is perfectly elastic or regarded as point-like collisions.

Gas

Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter. The others are solid, liquid, and plasma. A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide). A gas mixture, such as air, contains a variety of pure gases. What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles.

Avogadro's law

Avogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle) or Avogadro-Ampère's hypothesis is an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present. The law is a specific case of the ideal gas law. A modern statement is: Avogadro's law states that "equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules." For a given mass of an ideal gas, the volume and amount (moles) of the gas are directly proportional if the temperature and pressure are constant.

Thermodynamic temperature

Thermodynamic temperature is a quantity defined in thermodynamics as distinct from kinetic theory or statistical mechanics. Historically, thermodynamic temperature was defined by Lord Kelvin in terms of a macroscopic relation between thermodynamic work and heat transfer as defined in thermodynamics, but the kelvin was redefined by international agreement in 2019 in terms of phenomena that are now understood as manifestations of the kinetic energy of free motion of microscopic particles such as atoms, molecules, and electrons.

Ideal gas law

The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations. It was first stated by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834 as a combination of the empirical Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, and Gay-Lussac's law. The ideal gas law is often written in an empirical form: where , and are the pressure, volume and temperature respectively; is the amount of substance; and is the ideal gas constant.

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Related concepts (26)

Ideal gas

Gas

Avogadro's law

Thermodynamic temperature

Ideal gas law