Exascale computingExascale computing refers to computing systems capable of calculating at least "1018 IEEE 754 Double Precision (64-bit) operations (multiplications and/or additions) per second (exaFLOPS)"; it is a measure of supercomputer performance. Exascale computing is a significant achievement in computer engineering: primarily, it allows improved scientific applications and better prediction accuracy in domains such as weather forecasting, climate modeling and personalised medicine.
Quantum mechanicsQuantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science. Classical physics, the collection of theories that existed before the advent of quantum mechanics, describes many aspects of nature at an ordinary (macroscopic) scale, but is not sufficient for describing them at small (atomic and subatomic) scales.
Berkeley, CaliforniaBerkeley (ˈbɜrkli ) is a city on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California, United States. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley. It borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills. The 2020 census recorded a population of 124,321.
Berkeley DBBerkeley DB (BDB) is an unmaintained embedded database software library for key/value data, historically significant in open source software. Berkeley DB is written in C with API bindings for many other programming languages. BDB stores arbitrary key/data pairs as byte arrays, and supports multiple data items for a single key. Berkeley DB is not a relational database, although it has database features including database transactions, multiversion concurrency control and write-ahead logging.
Petascale computingPetascale computing refers to computing systems capable of calculating at least 1015 floating point operations per second (1 petaFLOPS). Petascale computing allowed faster processing of traditional supercomputer applications. The first system to reach this milestone was the IBM Roadrunner in 2008. Petascale supercomputers were succeeded by exascale computers. Floating point operations per second (FLOPS) are one measure of computer performance.
Interpretations of quantum mechanicsAn interpretation of quantum mechanics is an attempt to explain how the mathematical theory of quantum mechanics might correspond to experienced reality. Although quantum mechanics has held up to rigorous and extremely precise tests in an extraordinarily broad range of experiments, there exist a number of contending schools of thought over their interpretation. These views on interpretation differ on such fundamental questions as whether quantum mechanics is deterministic or stochastic, local or non-local, which elements of quantum mechanics can be considered real, and what the nature of measurement is, among other matters.
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanicsThe mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are those mathematical formalisms that permit a rigorous description of quantum mechanics. This mathematical formalism uses mainly a part of functional analysis, especially Hilbert spaces, which are a kind of linear space. Such are distinguished from mathematical formalisms for physics theories developed prior to the early 1900s by the use of abstract mathematical structures, such as infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces (L2 space mainly), and operators on these spaces.
Measurement in quantum mechanicsIn quantum physics, a measurement is the testing or manipulation of a physical system to yield a numerical result. A fundamental feature of quantum theory is that the predictions it makes are probabilistic. The procedure for finding a probability involves combining a quantum state, which mathematically describes a quantum system, with a mathematical representation of the measurement to be performed on that system. The formula for this calculation is known as the Born rule.
Berkeley socketsBerkeley sockets is an application programming interface (API) for Internet sockets and Unix domain sockets, used for inter-process communication (IPC). It is commonly implemented as a library of linkable modules. It originated with the 4.2BSD Unix operating system, which was released in 1983. A socket is an abstract representation (handle) for the local endpoint of a network communication path. The Berkeley sockets API represents it as a () in the Unix philosophy that provides a common interface for input and output to streams of data.
Oded HodOded Hod (Hebrew: עודד הוד) is an Israeli chemist. He is a full professor at the School of Chemistry of Tel Aviv University, and is the Heinemann Chair of Physical Chemistry. In 1991-1994 Hod did his undergraduate studies at the Hebrew University in chemistry (major) and physics (minor) as part of the academic reserve officers' training corps (Atuda). Upon completing his degree, he commenced his army service in the IAF, where he served during 1994-1998. He then moved to the Ministry of Defense, continuing his service until 2000.
Neepa MaitraNeepa T. Maitra is a theoretical physicist and Professor of Physics at Hunter College of the City University of New York and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. She is most well known for her contributions to theoretical chemistry and chemical physics, especially in the development of accurate functionals in time-dependent density functional theory and correlated electron-ion dynamics. Maitra was born and raised in New Zealand and completed her bachelor's degree in physics at the University of Otago.
Mary Ann MansighMary Ann Mansigh Karlsen (born 1932) is a computer programmer who was active in the 1950s in the use of scientific computers. Mansigh attended the University of Minnesota on a scholarship from 1950 to 1954, where she studied physics, chemistry and mathematics. In 1955, she took a position at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory as a software engineer, where she would remain until she retired in 1994, working on over 13 generations of supercomputers from the UNIVAC (1955) to the Cray I (1994).
CENADOJThe Centro Nacional de Análisis y Documentación Judicial (National Center for Judicial Analysis and Documentation, CENADOJ), is a judicial-support entity located in Guatemala (Central Latin America). A government entity, it works as part of the Judicial Branch of Guatemala (Organismo Judicial de Guatemala). It was created through Agreement 037/002 of the Presidency of the Judicial Branch on June 17, 2002. The main office, originally located in the ground floor of the Palace of Justice, were inaugurated February 11, 2003, and the Center started functioning March 3 of that same year.
Relational quantum mechanicsRelational quantum mechanics (RQM) is an interpretation of quantum mechanics which treats the state of a quantum system as being observer-dependent, that is, the state is the relation between the observer and the system. This interpretation was first delineated by Carlo Rovelli in a 1994 preprint, and has since been expanded upon by a number of theorists. It is inspired by the key idea behind special relativity, that the details of an observation depend on the reference frame of the observer, and uses some ideas from Wheeler on quantum information.
Daan FrenkelDaan Frenkel (born 1948, Amsterdam) is a Dutch computational physicist in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge. Frenkel completed his PhD at the University of Amsterdam in 1977 in experimental physical chemistry. Frenkel worked as postdoctoral research fellow in the Chemistry and Biochemistry Department at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), subsequently at Shell and at the University of Utrecht.
Sauro SucciSauro Succi is an Italian scientist, internationally credited for being one of the founders of the successful Lattice Boltzmann method for fluid dynamics and soft matter. From 1995 to 2018, Succi has been research director at the Istituto Applicazioni Calcolo of the National Research Council (CNR) in Rome. Since 2018, he has been appointed principal investigator of the research line Mesoscale Simulations at the Italian Institute of Technology (IIT).
