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This lecture explores the frontier of NanoBioengineering for next-generation optical devices, focusing on the use of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and DNA evolution to develop highly sensitive and selective optical sensors. It covers the rational engineering approaches, challenges, and advantages of SWCNTs in optical biosensing. The lecture delves into the directed evolution of DNA sequences to enhance sensor performance and specificity. Additionally, it discusses the application of SWCNT-based sensors for detecting food toxins and neurotransmitters, showcasing the potential of NanoBioengineering in developing innovative optical sensing technologies.