Concept

Equal Protection Clause

The Equal Protection Clause is part of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides "nor shall any State ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." It mandates that individuals in similar situations be treated equally by the law. A primary motivation for this clause was to validate the equality provisions contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed that all citizens would have the guaranteed right to equal protection by law. As a whole, the Fourteenth Amendment marked a large shift in American constitutionalism, by applying substantially more constitutional restrictions against the states than had applied before the Civil War. The meaning of the Equal Protection Clause has been the subject of much debate, and inspired the well-known phrase "Equal Justice Under Law". This clause was the basis for Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court decision that helped to dismantle racial segregation. The clause has also been the basis for Obergefell v. Hodges which legalized same-sex marriages, along with many other decisions rejecting discrimination against, and bigotry towards, people belonging to various groups. While the Equal Protection Clause itself applies only to state and local governments, the Supreme Court held in Bolling v. Sharpe (1954) that the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment nonetheless requires equal protection under the laws of the federal government via reverse incorporation. The Equal Protection Clause is located at the end of Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause

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Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause

About this result

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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together, they comprise the national bicameral legislature of the United States. The House's composition was established by Article One of the United States Constitution. The House is composed of representatives who, pursuant to the Uniform Congressional District Act, sit in single member congressional districts allocated to each state on the basis of population as measured by the United States census, with each district having one representative, provided that each state is entitled to at least one.

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We introduce 100ml of water in a U-shaped tube of section Su2004=u20041 cm² (Figure). On a side of the tube, we introduce 100ml of oil with a density ρ_(x) equal to 80% of the one of water (ρ_(w)). Find the difference of level between the two sides of the tube. For a homogeneous fluid in equilibrium the level surfaces are also isobars. We thus have p_(B)u2004=u2004p_(C), as well as p_(A)u2004=u2004p_(D)u2004=u2004p_(atm). Moreover:

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Magnetic field produces by a concave wire

We use the law of Biot-Savat:

{\bf B}=\frac{\mu_{o}I}{4\pi}\int\frac{{\bf dl}\times{\bf \hat{r}}}{r^{2}}~.

because

{\bf dl}

is parallel to

{\bf r}

along the two paths AA′ and CC′, these contributions are equal to zero, because

{\bf dl} \times\ {\bf \hat{r}}=0

. In any point along the circle arc AC,

d{\bf l}

is perpendicular to

{\bf \hat{r}}

; consequently:

{\bf dl} \times {\bf \hat{r}}= -ds ~{\bf \hat{z}}~,

so:

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