Urethral cancer

Urethral cancer is a rare cancer originating from the urethra. The disease has been classified by the TNM staging system and the World Health Organization. Symptoms include blood in the urine, lump at end of penis, or bloody penile discharge. Diagnosis is established by transurethral biopsy. The most common type is papillary urothelial carcinoma. Risk factors suggested include prolonged irritations of the urethra due to urinary catheterization, chronic inflammation due to infection, radiation, diverticula of the urethra, and urethral strictures. Symptoms that may be caused by urethral cancer include: Blood visible in urine. Bloody urethral discharge. Weak or interrupted flow of urine. Urination occurs often, painful urination, inability to pass urine. A lump or thickness in the perineum or penis. Enlarged lymph nodes or pain in the groin or vaginal area. Diagnosis is established by transurethral biopsy and histological findings. Bladder cystoscopy is performed to detect if there is simultaneous bladder cancer. Types of urethral cancer include the most common type urothelial carcinoma, and others including squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Melanoma and sarcoma are rare. The World Health Organization classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs (4th edn) was published in January 2016. Urethral cancer has also been classified by the TNM staging system. Surgery is the most common treatment for cancer of the urethra. One of the following types of surgery may be done: Open excision, Electro-resection with flash, Laser surgery, Cystourethrectomy, Cystoprostatectomy, Anterior body cavity, or Incomplete or basic penectomy surgery. Radiation therapy has also been used in some cases. Chemotherapy is sometimes used to destroy urethral cancer cells. It is a systemic urethral cancer treatment (i.e., destroys urethral cancer cells throughout the body) that is administered orally or intravenously. Medications are often used in combination to destroy urethral cancer that has metastasized.