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In mathematics, computable numbers are the real numbers that can be computed to within any desired precision by a finite, terminating algorithm. They are also known as the recursive numbers, effective numbers or the computable reals or recursive reals. The concept of a computable real number was introduced by Emile Borel in 1912, using the intuitive notion of computability available at the time. Equivalent definitions can be given using μ-recursive functions, Turing machines, or λ-calculus as the formal representation of algorithms. The computable numbers form a real closed field and can be used in the place of real numbers for many, but not all, mathematical purposes. In the following, Marvin Minsky defines the numbers to be computed in a manner similar to those defined by Alan Turing in 1936; i.e., as "sequences of digits interpreted as decimal fractions" between 0 and 1: A computable number [is] one for which there is a Turing machine which, given n on its initial tape, terminates with the nth digit of that number [encoded on its tape]. The key notions in the definition are (1) that some n is specified at the start, (2) for any n the computation only takes a finite number of steps, after which the machine produces the desired output and terminates. An alternate form of (2) – the machine successively prints all n of the digits on its tape, halting after printing the nth – emphasizes Minsky's observation: (3) That by use of a Turing machine, a finite definition – in the form of the machine's state table – is being used to define what is a potentially infinite string of decimal digits. This is however not the modern definition which only requires the result be accurate to within any given accuracy. The informal definition above is subject to a rounding problem called the table-maker's dilemma whereas the modern definition is not.
[2]Paolo Prandoni, [3]LCAV, EPFL
In this notebook we will explore various ways to implement a system
that changes the voice of a speaker. Typical applications for these
techniques, strictly sorted by plausibility, include international spy
missions and prank telephone calls, and devices such as the one
displayed here can be easily bought on the web... or in a novelty shop.
No description has been provided for t [2]Paolo Prandoni, [3]LCAV, EPFL
In [1]:
[2]Paolo Prandoni, [3]LCAV, EPFL
In this notebook we will implement a simple fractional resampler that
uses local Lagrange interpolation. The resampler can be used to perform
any rational sampling rate change (but beware of aliasing when
downsampling!)
In [1]:
import numpy as np
import IPython
from scipy.io import wavfile
Local Lagrange interpolation[4]¶
To perform resampling we will need to compute subsample values and, in [2]Paolo Prandoni, [3]LCAV, EPFL
The Karplus-Strong algorithm is a simple method to generate synthetic
sounds with arbitrary pitch. In this notebook we will explore a few
variations of the method to illustrate some basic notions of
discrete-time signal processing.
In [1]:
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import IPython
In [2]:
plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"]"#### First we setup the simulation parameters such as the external electric field, number of electrons (default