Data processing

Data processing is the collection and manipulation of digital data to produce meaningful information. Data processing is a form of information processing, which is the modification (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer. The term "Data Processing", or "DP" has also been used to refer to a department within an organization responsible for the operation of data processing programs. Data processing may involve various processes, including: Validation – Ensuring that supplied data is correct and relevant. Sorting – "arranging items in some sequence and/or in different sets." Summarization(statistical) or (automatic) – reducing detailed data to its main points. Aggregation – combining multiple pieces of data. Analysis – the "collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data." Reporting – list detail or summary data or computed information. Classification – separation of data into various categories. The United States Census Bureau history illustrates the evolution of data processing from manual through electronic procedures. Although widespread use of the term data processing dates only from the 1950's, data processing functions have been performed manually for millennia. For example, bookkeeping involves functions such as posting transactions and producing reports like the balance sheet and the cash flow statement. Completely manual methods were augmented by the application of mechanical or electronic calculators. A person whose job was to perform calculations manually or using a calculator was called a "computer." The 1890 United States Census schedule was the first to gather data by individual rather than household. A number of questions could be answered by making a check in the appropriate box on the form. From 1850 to 1880 the Census Bureau employed "a system of tallying, which, by reason of the increasing number of combinations of classifications required, became increasingly complex.