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Concept

Hard water

Related publications (26)

Technical note: Two-component electrical-conductivity-based hydrograph separation employing an exponential mixing model (EXPECT) provides reliable high-temporal-resolution young water fraction estimates in three small Swiss catchments

Jana Freiin von Freyberg

The young water fraction represents the portion of water molecules in a stream that have entered the catchment relatively recently, typically within 2-3 months. It can be reliably estimated in spatially heterogeneous and nonstationary catchments from the a ...

Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh2024

The influence of water-saturation on the strength of volcanic rocks and the stability of lava domes

Marie Estelle Solange Violay, Michael Heap

The rocks forming a volcanic edifice or dome are typically saturated or partially-saturated with water. However, most experiments aimed at better understanding the mechanical behaviour of volcanic rocks have been performed on dry samples, and therefore mos ...

2023

Fine-scale dynamics of calcite precipitation in a large hardwater lake

Pascal Perolo

In hardwater lakes, calcite precipitation is an important yet poorly understood process in the lacustrine carbon cycle, in which catchment-derived alkalinity (Alk) is both transformed and translocated. While the physico-chemical conditions supporting the s ...

2022

Size-resolved aerosol pH over Europe during summer

Athanasios Nenes

The dependence of aerosol acidity on particle size, location, and altitude over Europe during a summertime period is investigated using the hybrid version of aerosol dynamics in the chemical transport model PMCAMx. The pH changes more with particle size in ...

Copernicus GmbH2021

Sustainable, Reshapable Surfactant-Polyelectrolyte Plastics Employing Water as a Plasticizer

Paul Joseph Dyson, Zhaofu Fei, Antoine Philippe Van Muyden, Zhangjun Huang, Haiyan Jia

Natural polymers such as those present in foods contain abundant noncovalent intra- and intermolecular interactions, notably hydrogen bonds, which make them rigid when dry, but on exposure to water soften, due to disruption of these interactions. This soft ...

2019

Sequential Cascade Electrocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to C-C Coupled Products

Sophia Haussener

Cascade catalytic processes perform multi-step chemical transformations without isolating the intermediates. Here, we demonstrate a sequential cascade pathway to convert CO2 to C2+ hydrocarbons and oxygenates in a two-step electrocatalytic process using CO ...

2019

Temperature dependence of water-water and ion-water correlations in bulk water and electrolyte solutions probed by femtosecond elastic second harmonic scattering

Yixing Chen, Sylvie Roke, Halil Ibrahim Okur, Nathan Dupertuis

The temperature dependence of the femtosecond elastic second harmonic scattering (fs-ESHS) response of bulk light and heavy water and their electrolyte solutions is presented. We observe clear temperature dependent changes in the hydrogen (H)-bond network ...

2018

Atomistic Simulations of The Structure of Calcium Silicate Hydrates: Interlayer Positions, Water Content And A General Structural Brick Model

Aslam Kunhi Mohamed

Portland cement has been in use by human civilization for over a century. Yet, we do not fully understand its hydration reaction mechanisms due to the complexity of the system and its continued reaction over time making it hard to study it experimentally. ...

EPFL2018

Evaluating the Critical Roles of Precursor Nature and Water Content When Tailoring Magnetic Nanoparticles for Specific Applications

Assil Bouzid

Because of the broad range of application of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs), the control of their size and shape on demand remains a great challenge, as these parameters are of upmost importance to provide NPs with magnetic properties tailored to the targe ...

AMER CHEMICAL SOC2018

Supercritical CO2 injection and residence time in fluid-saturated rocks: Evidence for CO2 and mineral dissolution and effects on rock integrity

Lucas Xan Pimienta, Ke Liu

CO2 injection and storage in geological reservoirs is an attractive prospect for mitigating the anthropogenic production of greenhouse gases and global warming. The technology could lead to mineral precipitation and therefore stable storage over geological ...

Elsevier Sci Ltd2017

On Lewis acidity/basicity and hydrogen bonding in the equation-of-state approach

Vassily Hatzimanikatis

The central objective of this work is to revisit the development of the widely used Lewis acidity/basicity scales and seek possibilities for their eventual unification. The primary focus is on hydrogen bonding interactions which are dealt with the estimati ...

Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd2017

Communication: Mean-field theory of water-water correlations in electrolyte solutions

Michele Ceriotti, Sylvie Roke, David Mark Wilkins

Long-range ion induced water-water correlations were recently observed in femtosecond elastic second harmonic scattering experiments of electrolyte solutions. To further the qualitative understanding of these correlations, we derive an analytical expressio ...

American Institute of Physics2017

NbTiN thin films deposited by hybrid HiPIMS/DC magnetron co-sputtering

Alireza Karimi, Rosendo Sanjines, Ayat Karimi, Samy Adjam, Daniela Dumitriu La Grange

Nb1 - xTixNy thin films (with 0

Elsevier Science Sa2016

Development of high efficiency 100% aqueous cobalt electrolyte dye-sensitised solar cells

Ulf Anders Hagfeldt

In this study we report the application of three cobalt redox shuttles in 100% aqueous electrolyte dyesensitised solar cells (DSCs). By using chloride as a counter-ion for cobalt bipyridine, cobalt phenanthroline and cobalt bipyridine pyrazole, the redox s ...

Royal Soc Chemistry2016

Electrochemical Studies of Water Splitting in Organic Media

Jonnathan Cesar Hidalgo Acosta

The development of new routes towards the generation of environmentally friendly solar fuels, such as molecular hydrogen (H2) for use in fuel cells, is a grand challenge facing the scientific community. In this regard, water splitting represents one of the ...

EPFL2016

Hydration states of AFm cement phases

Karen Scrivener

The AFm phase, one of the main products formed during the hydration of Portland and calcium aluminate cement based systems, belongs to the layered double hydrate (LDH) family having positively charged layers and water plus charge-balancing anions in the in ...

Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd2015

Catalysis of water oxidation in acetonitrile by iridium oxide nanoparticles

Hubert Girault, Jonnathan Cesar Hidalgo Acosta, Heron Vrubel, Manuel Alejandro Méndez Agudelo, Micheal Diarmaid Scanlon, Véronique Amstutz

Water oxidation catalysed by iridium oxide nanoparticles (IrO2 NPs) in water–acetonitrile mixtures using [RuIII(bpy)3]3+ as oxidant was studied as a function of the water content, the acidity of the reaction media and the catalyst concentration. It was obs ...

2015

Pore structure evolution of compacted granular bentonite during wetting and drying cycles

Lyesse Laloui, Alessio Ferrari, Ali Seiphoori

Deep geological repositories are considered as suitable solutions for the disposal of high level nuclear wastes. In several repository concepts (e.g. in Spain and Switzerland), bentonites are selected as the main component of the engineered barrier to be p ...

2014

Water retention behavior of deformable soils-experiment and modeling

Lyesse Laloui, Alessio Ferrari, Mathieu Nuth, Simon Salager

The paper presents an experimental and modelling approach for the soil water retention behaviour of two deformable soils. The objective is to investigate the physical mechanisms that govern the soil water retention properties and to propose a constitutive ...

Crc Press-Taylor & Francis Group2014

Methane Clathrate Hydrate Nucleation Mechanism by Advanced Molecular Simulations

Simone Meloni

The nucleation mechanisms of methane hydrates are studied using well-tempered metadynamics and restrained molecular dynamics. The collective variables we used to follow the process are the methane-methane and methane-water coordination numbers, from which ...

Amer Chemical Soc2014