In mathematics, the n-th harmonic number is the sum of the reciprocals of the first n natural numbers: Starting from n = 1, the sequence of harmonic numbers begins: Harmonic numbers are related to the harmonic mean in that the n-th harmonic number is also n times the reciprocal of the harmonic mean of the first n positive integers. Harmonic numbers have been studied since antiquity and are important in various branches of number theory. They are sometimes loosely termed harmonic series, are closely related to the Riemann zeta function, and appear in the expressions of various special functions. The harmonic numbers roughly approximate the natural logarithm function and thus the associated harmonic series grows without limit, albeit slowly. In 1737, Leonhard Euler used the divergence of the harmonic series to provide a new proof of the infinity of prime numbers. His work was extended into the complex plane by Bernhard Riemann in 1859, leading directly to the celebrated Riemann hypothesis about the distribution of prime numbers. When the value of a large quantity of items has a Zipf's law distribution, the total value of the n most-valuable items is proportional to the n-th harmonic number. This leads to a variety of surprising conclusions regarding the long tail and the theory of network value. The Bertrand-Chebyshev theorem implies that, except for the case n = 1, the harmonic numbers are never integers. By definition, the harmonic numbers satisfy the recurrence relation The harmonic numbers are connected to the Stirling numbers of the first kind by the relation The functions satisfy the property In particular is an integral of the logarithmic function. The harmonic numbers satisfy the series identities and These two results are closely analogous to the corresponding integral results and There are several infinite summations involving harmonic numbers and powers of pi: An integral representation given by Euler is The equality above is straightforward by the simple algebraic identity Using the substitution x = 1 − u, another expression for Hn is The nth harmonic number is about as large as the natural logarithm of n.