Thin-film optics

Thin-film optics is the branch of optics that deals with very thin structured layers of different materials. In order to exhibit thin-film optics, the thickness of the layers of material must be similar to the coherence length; for visible light it is most often observed between 200 and 1000 nm of thickness. Layers at this scale can have remarkable reflective properties due to light wave interference and the difference in refractive index between the layers, the air, and the substrate. These effects alter the way the optic reflects and transmits light. This effect, known as thin-film interference, is observable in soap bubbles and oil slicks. More general periodic structures, not limited to planar layers, exhibit structural coloration with more complex dependence on angle, and are known as photonic crystals. In manufacturing, thin film layers can be achieved through the deposition of one or more thin layers of material onto a substrate (usually glass). This is most often done using a physical vapor deposition process, such as evaporation or sputter deposition, or a chemical process such as chemical vapor deposition. Thin films are used to create optical coatings. Examples include low emissivity panes of glass for houses and cars, anti-reflective coatings on glasses, reflective baffles on car headlights, and for high precision optical filters and mirrors. Another application of these coatings is spatial filtering. Peacock butterfly (inachis io) 2.jpg|The blue wing patches of the ''[[Aglais io]]''.{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1016/j.matpr.2014.09.007|title = Thin Film and Multilayer Optics Cause Structural Colors of Many Insects and Birds|journal = Materials Today: Proceedings|volume = 1|pages = 109–121|year = 2014|last1 = Stavenga|first1 = D. G. }} Common Bluebottle-Graphium sarpedon teredon.JPG|''[[Graphium sarpedon]]''. Parotia lawesii by Bowdler Sharpe.jpg|The breast feathers of the ''[[Lawes's parotia]].''{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1098/rspb.2010.