Angular momentum of light

The angular momentum of light is a vector quantity that expresses the amount of dynamical rotation present in the electromagnetic field of the light. While traveling approximately in a straight line, a beam of light can also be rotating (or "spinning, or "twisting) around its own axis. This rotation, while not visible to the naked eye, can be revealed by the interaction of the light beam with matter. There are two distinct forms of rotation of a light beam, one involving its polarization and the other its wavefront shape. These two forms of rotation are therefore associated with two distinct forms of angular momentum, respectively named light spin angular momentum (SAM) and light orbital angular momentum (OAM). The total angular momentum of light (or, more generally, of the electromagnetic field and the other force fields) and matter is conserved in time. Light, or more generally an electromagnetic wave, carries not only energy but also momentum, which is a characteristic property of all objects in translational motion. The existence of this momentum becomes apparent in the "radiation pressure phenomenon, in which a light beam transfers its momentum to an absorbing or scattering object, generating a mechanical pressure on it in the process. Light may also carry angular momentum, which is a property of all objects in rotational motion. For example, a light beam can be rotating around its own axis while it propagates forward. Again, the existence of this angular momentum can be made evident by transferring it to small absorbing or scattering particles, which are thus subject to an optical torque. For a light beam, one can usually distinguish two "forms of rotation, the first associated with the dynamical rotation of the electric and magnetic fields around the propagation direction, and the second with the dynamical rotation of light rays around the main beam axis. These two rotations are associated with two forms of angular momentum, namely SAM and OAM.

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Understanding Hund s Rules

numbers

S

L

and

J

of an isolated atom or ion from its electronic configuration. Considering a partially filled electronic shell, the following three rules have to be applied in the order given below: 1. The total spin angular momentum

S=\Sigma|m_s|

takes its maximum possible value; 2. The total orbital angular momentum

L=\Sigma|m_l|

is maximized; 3. For more than half-filled shell, the total angular momentum number

J=L+S

, otherwise

J=\vert L-S \vert

. The sl